Human

The human race, also known as humanity, Mankind or Man, is that collection of armies and factions comprised of humanity, the most dominant intelligent race in the Milky Way Galaxy in the 41st Millennium AD. Humanity is the only species (other than the Eldar) who are not solely represented by one army. Instead, humanity is divided into a multitude of armies, either working for or against the overall interests of Mankind in its attempts to retain control over the galaxy and survive unscathed in an incredibly hostile universe. Humans originated on the planet Terra (Old Earth), and first colonised the galaxy during the Dark Age of Technology. Almost nothing is known about human civilisation in this time, this information having been lost in the utter chaos of the following Age of Strife. In the 41st Millennium the majority of humans are part of the Imperium of Man, although other human civilisations are known to exist. Unfortunately, humanity is known to be a species that is relatively easy to corrupt to the service of Chaos and in fact, it is Mankind's dominance in the galaxy that has shaped the Warp and much of the form the Chaos Gods currently take, as they are ultimately no more than psychic manifestations in the Immaterium of the intelligent species of the galaxy's collective psyches. Unlike the ancient Eldar, humanity has only just begun the evolutionary transition into a psychic species. As yet, very few humans develop the genetic mutation that allows them to become psykers, though this number is slowly increasing as the centuries pass. However, most human psykers lack the mental discipline or inner strength to prevent themselves from becoming daemonhosts or otherwise manipulated by the dark entities of the Warp.

Humans, known taxonomically as Homo sapiens (from the ancient language known as Latin which meant "wise man" or "knowing man"), are the only living species in the Homo genus of bipedal primates in Hominidae, the great ape family. Anatomically modern-appearing humans originated on the world of Terra about 250,000 standard years ago, reaching full behavioural modernity only around 90,000 standard years ago.

Humans have a highly developed brain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection], and problem-solving. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees the hands for manipulating objects, allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other living species on Old Earth. Other higher-level thought processes of humans, such as self-awareness, rationality, and sapience, are considered to be defining features of what constitutes a "person", though such features are shared with the other major intelligent xenos species of the galaxy like the Eldar, the Tau and the Orks (some might question the latter).

Like most higher primates, humans are social animals. However, humans are uniquely adept at utilizing systems of communication for self-expression, the exchange of ideas, and organization. Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families to nations. Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which together form the basis of human society. With humans present across the galaxy and having adapted to every possible environment, they are currently the galaxy's dominant species.The current population of humans in the Milky Way Galaxy in the 41st Millennium AD numbers in the tens of trillions.

Humans are noted for their desire to understand and influence their environment, seeking to explain and manipulate phenomena through science, philosophy, mythology, and religion. This natural curiosity has led to the development of advanced tools and skills, which are passed down culturally, through cultural stagnation or even retrogression is possible, as the grim history of the Imperium of Man over the last 10 millennia so readily demonstrates.

Imperium of Man
Main article: Imperium of Man

The majority of humans exist within the Imperium of Man. The Imperial Cultpreaches that humanity has a Manifest Destiny to conquer the entire galaxy, to the point where intelligent alien species are seen as inferior and worthy of nothing but extinction.

The Lost and the Damned
Main article: The Lost and the Damned

The next greatest concentration of humans in the galaxy after the peoples of the Imperium exist as the Lost and the Damned of Chaos, and reside primarily, though not exclusively, within the Warp rift called the Eye of Terror. Not a coherent civilization as such, they exist as part of a diverse and infinite collection of warbands and hosts under the leadership of Chaos Champions. Due to the nature of the Warp, some of these humans are the original Imperial subjects who sided with the Warmaster Horus during the Horus Heresy over ten thousand years ago, though their number has been greatly supplemented by more recent humans who have turned to the worship of Chaos, or slaves captured as part of the many Chaos raids out of the Eye into Imperial space.

Tau Empire
Main article: Tau

Less xenophobic than the Imperium, though no less convinced that it should dominate the galaxy, the Tau Empire has no qualms about letting other intelligent races join it. Whilst few in number, some humans have done so and exist within the Empire where they are known as Gue'vesa. These humans, for the most part, are the descendants of Imperial Guard troops who were abandoned in Tau space during the Damocles Gulf Crusade, however it is not unheard of for Imperial planets like the desert mining world of Taros to want to secede from the Imperium to join the Tau Empire.

Independent Civilisations
Other human civilisations in the Milky Way Galaxy are extremely rare. This is mostly due to the fact that the Imperium of Man considers itself to have an automatic right to rule all of humanity whereever humans live in the galaxy, and it ruthlessly suppresses any attempt to secede from it. Similarly, any lost human colonies that are rediscovered from the Dark Age of Technology are also incorporated into the Imperium whether they want to be or not. Despite this, a few independent human civilizations have been known to exist in the furthest reaches of the galaxy.

Lost Colonies
When the Age of Strife descended on the galaxy and Warp travel and astropathic communication became impossible, the majority of human colonies were cut off from Terra and forced to survive on their own. In some cases this meant that they devolved into considerably more primitive societies as the knowledge to create and maintain much advanced technology was lost. The Great Crusade reunited many thousands of lost human colonies back into the Imperium of Man, yet every now and then changes in the flow of the Warp mean that new human colonies are unexpectedly discovered. Whilst nobody can know for sure how many, there are almost certainly more colonies still cut off from the rest of humanity, waiting to be discovered.

Rebellious Planets
The Imperium keeps a tight grip over its planets, yet every now and then a world does attempt to secede from the Imperium. This may be the result of the Planetary Governor believing he can get away with independence, or it may be the result of a revolution that deposes those in power. Many of these seccessions are orchestrated by the Ruinous Powers of Chaos, and the humans that are part of these rebellions should be counted as the Lost and the Damned, though there are also occasions when a planet decides it wants to be independent of the Imperium through its own volition. Regardless of the cause, these independent realms rarely last for long as they are swiftly and brutally subjugated back into the Imperium, even if it takes decades for the ponderous Administratum of the Imperium to get around to assigning the necessary military forces to suppress the rebellion.

Pirates
The only independent human civilization with any real sustainability outside the Imperium of Man, some humans evade the Imperium's clutches and live outside of its reach in bands of starships existing through raids and piracy. Often allying themselves with Eldar or other xenos, these humans are swiftly executed as heretics or traitors if they are caught by the Imperial authorities.

Other Human Species
Main article: Abhuman

Throughout the long history of the Imperium and before, the human race has mutated into a variety of different stable species as a result of different populations' adaptation to various environments across the galaxy over the millennia. These variant human species are known as Abhumans. Abhumans are tolerated to a varying degree within the Imperium due to the fact that they are seen as being close enough to the baseline human genome to still be accepted as children of the Emperor.

Armies
The two primary factions representing the human race in the Warhammer 40,000 universe are the Imperium of Man and the traitorous Forces of Chaos.

Imperium of Man

 * 1.Imperial Guard: The backbone of Imperial military might in the 41st Millennium, the Imperial Guard are not a single, cohesive fighting force but are rather a vast military force comprised of a wide spectrum of different equipment, tactics and doctrine depending on the particular star system from where an Imperial Guard Regiment originates. Because they are formed in this way, recruited and equipped by the resources available in their particular home star system and home sector, the Imperial Guard are the largest single fighting force in the galaxy and they number in the billions of soldiers, all willing to die in the name of the Emperor of Mankind.
 * 2.Space Marines: The Space Marines are genetically-modified superhuman warriors designed specifically to lead the human reconquest of the galaxy during the Great Crusade that created the Imperium of Man over ten thousand years ago during the 30th and 31st Millenniums. Since the Horus Heresy, the Space Marines have adopted more of a defensive role, fighting alongside the regiments of the Imperial Guard and aiding them when they need help in the most difficult situations. Space Marines also fight as individual 1,000-warrior-strong Chapters, seeking their own conflicts and resolving them in turn.


 * 3.The Sisters of Battle (Orders Militant of the Adepta Sororitas), are the least common human army on the battlefield because they were created specifically to fight Imperial heretics and rebels and just as only human males can be Space Marines, only human females may serve among the Sisters of Battle. They serve as the military forces of the Adeptus Ministorum, better known as the Ecclesiarchy, the ecclesiastical bureaucracy which administers the star-spanning Imperial Cult of the God-Emperor. The Sisters also serve as the Chamber Militant of the Imperial Inquisition's Ordo Hereticus, tasked with combating the enemies of the Emperor who exist within the Imperium.

Forces of Chaos

 * 1. Chaos Space Marines (Traitor Legions): The most hated enemies of the Imperium, the Chaos Space Marines where once normal Space Marines, fighting together with the other Loyalist Space Marine Legions in the Emperor's name to build the Imperium of Man, but betrayed the Emperor and turned to the service of the Ruinous Powers of Chaos during the Horus Heresy. Unlike the Loyalist Space Marines, the Chaos Space Marines work more closely with their strong network of allies such as Warp daemons, human Chaos Cultists and Traitor Imperial Guardsmen, relying on them more often than the Loyalist Space Marines rely on the Imperial Guard. The Chaos Space Marines are still organized into the original First Founding Space Marine Legion structure, unlike the Loyalist Space Marines who were divided into 1,000-man-strong Chapters after the Horus Heresy during the Second Founding of the Space Marines. The Second Founding was spurred onwards by the adoption of the Codex Astartes, which was written by the Ultramarines Legion's Primarch, Roboute Guilliman.
 * 2. The Lost and the Damned:The Lost and the Damned of Chaos reside primarily, though not exclusively, within the great Warp rift in the Segmentum Obscurus called the Eye of Terror. The Lost and the Damned exist as part of a diverse and infinite collection of Chaos warbands and hosts under the leadership of Chaos Champions who are usually, but not always Chaos Space Marines belonging to one of the Traitor Legions. Due to the temporal nature of the Warp, some of these humans are the original Imperial citizens who sided with the Warmaster Horus during the Horus Heresy over ten thousand standard years ago, though their number has been greatly supplemented by more recent humans who have turned to the worship of Chaos, or slaves captured as part of the many Chaos raids out of the Eye into Imperial space.