Horus Heresy

The Horus Heresy was a galaxy-spanning civil war that marked the end of the Great Crusade and the true beginning of the current Age of the Imperium. It was fought across the Milky Way Galaxy in the early 31st Millennium and resulted in more than 2.7 trillion dead as well as the death of Horus, the internment of the Emperor of Mankind in the Golden Throne, the creation of the Chaos Space Marine Traitor Legions and the birth of the present day structure of the Space Marine Chapters following the Second Founding and the Reformation of the Imperium by the Ultramarines' Primarch Roboute Guilliman. First described in the Realm of Chaos: Slaves to Darkness supplement it was used as the background for the original "Epic-scale" Space Marine and Collegia Titanica games, providing a justification for inter-Imperial warfare and thus spared Games Workshop the effort to include different armies in the basic game boxes. "Horus Heresy" is also the title of a novel series published by the Black Library, a collectible card game produced by Sabertooth Games and an out-of-print Games Workshop board game, with both games being based on the events which occurred in the Warhammer 40,000 universe.

Overview
Beginning in 2005, the background material on the Horus Heresy has started to be expanded with a collection of art books and novels created by various authors from the Black Library, set in the time period of the early 31st Millennium as opposed to the circa 40,000 AD era of normal Warhammer 40,000 literature. An initial scene-setting trilogy featuring the Luna Wolves and portraying the fall of their Primarch, the Warmaster Horus and the beginning of the Heresy through the eyes of the 10th Company Captain of the Sons of Horus Legion Garviel Loken was released and since the completion of said trilogy, another series of novels followed Battle-Captain Nathaniel Garro of the Death Guard Legion. The novel range has expanded to include the actions of other Astartes Legions during the terrible conflict and the role of the various Imperial organisations; as of the present day further novels are still being added to the series, and the novels have only covered up to the Drop Site Massacre of Istvaan V in the traditional timeline of the Heresy. In some cases the new material introduced in the card game, art books and novels has led to continuity conflicts with the older material, although the information provided in the novel series is generally assumed to be canonical and superseding the older material when a conflict arises.

The Great Crusade
When the great Warp storms that had cut off Terra since the end of the Dark Age of Technology subsided, and the Age of Strife came to an end, the Emperor deemed it time to begin his Great Crusade, a massive galactic campaign by which he and his armies would free all human-settled colony worlds from oppression and unite the human race across the galaxy under the single banner of the new Imperium of Man. To execute this plan, the Emperor created the Primarchs, his god-like, genetically engineered superhuman offspring. The Primarchs were still in their infancy, however, when they were snatched away from the special genetic laboratory deep beneath the Himalaya Mountains on Terra where they had been created and gestated by the Emperor himself using his own DNA. The cause of this remains debatable; some argue that the Emperor sent the Primarchs away so that they could learn in their own way, others argue that the Chaos Gods broke into the laboratory through the psychic wards the Emperor had erected to prevent their intrusion and, unable to destroy the Primarchs, instead chose to scatter them through the Warp across the galaxy, where they eventually came to rest on diverse, human-inhabited worlds. The later theory is generally now regarded by most Imperial scholars as the truth.

During the Great Crusade, the Emperor encountered each of the Primarchs on their scattered homeworlds in turn. To fill the gap wrought by the Primarchs' absence, a Space Marine Legion had been created using each of the Primarchs' genetic material, and so the Emperor, unable to be everywhere at once, deemed it fitting that each Primarch should lead their genetic offspring as the commander of the Legion whose Astartes bore their DNA. However, this would prove a critical mistake, as the Space Marine gene-seed creation process made the Emperor, the Primarchs and the Space Marines analogous to Grandfather, Father and Son, respectively, in their genetic inheritance and superhuman abilities. In time, many of the Space Marines in the Legions, especially those recruited from their Primarchs' homeworld rather than from Terra before the Primarchs' rediscovery, would come to venerate and feel more loyalty for their Primarch than the Emperor of Mankind, another weakness that was exploited by the Ruinous Powers.

After more than 200 years of hard conflict in the 31st Millennium, over two million human-settled worlds across the galaxy had been reclaimed by the Emperor in the name of the Imperium of Man. Beside him had stood the Primarch Horus, who had fought beside the Emperor for the early part of the Great Crusade as his only rediscovered son. The long wars had forged a strong bond between them, and they were truly like father and son. But now the Emperor had to consolidate his newborn Imperium, and undertake the next phase of his Grand Plan, the creation of a Webway through the Immaterium much like that used by the Eldar that would be open to humanity by wielding the psychic augmentation technology of the artefact from the Dark Age of Technology known as the Golden Throne. This required his continued presence on Terra, and so after Horus' magnificent victory in the Ullanor Crusade, against the largest horde of Orks ever encountered in the galaxy at that time, the Emperor departed and left Horus in charge of the Great Crusade with the exclusive title of "Warmaster." Horus was now the Commander-in-Chief of all of the Imperium of Man's armies, charged with leading the other Primarchs and their Legions through the remainder of the Great Crusade.

At this announcement there was much shock and outrage. Many of the other Primarchs did not understand why the Emperor was leaving them to fight alone and, worse still, why Horus should be raised over all of the other Primarchs to take command over them. Rogal Dorn, Sanguinius and Fulgrim were pleased for their new Warmaster, while others - such as Angron, Roboute Guilliman, Lion El'Jonson and Perturabo - all reacted with varying degrees of disapproval. The situation only grew worse when the Emperor announced that he would be creating a civilian administrative bureaucracy known as the Council of Terra to carry out the day-to-day governmental affairs of the Imperium, replacing the direct rule of the Emperor and relegating the Primarchs to a primarily military role as the Imperium's most preeminent commanders. Many of the Primarchs, including Horus, were deeply disturbed that their father would make them subject to normal men and women who had never shed blood in the establishment or expansion of the Imperium and that he would remove them from the political positions of rule to which they believed that their great talents, energy and achievements entitled them. The Emperor had sought to create a civilian bureaucracy for the Imperium precisely because he wanted regular human beings to learn to govern themselves once more and not become beholden to a permanent, genetically-enhanced ruling class, but the Chaos Gods would ultimately use the Primarchs' resentment as one of the all-too-human weaknesses they could exploit to corrupt half of their number.

The Corruption of the Legions
During the Great Crusade, it became apparent that the Primarchs were far from the perfect beings they were intended to be. Although each Primarch was physically and mentally god-like compared to a baseline human being, their personalities were each as flawed as those of any other mortal. During their upbringing on their respective homeworlds, the Primarchs had to learn humanity from mere humans; for almost all of the Primarchs, this resulted in their harbouring all-too-human flaws (for specific examples, see each Legion's history).

Horus took over command of the Great Crusade, and took up his new duties with earnest dedication. However, there was much dissension in the ranks of the Primarchs and other parties. Only a handful of the Primarchs, among them a scheming Lorgar, remained steadfast beside the Warmaster during this period of dissension. Horus also disagreed with many of the new decrees passed by the newly established Council of Terra, intended to shift the burden of taxation and administration onto the newly-conquered ('Imperial compliant') worlds. Even worse, Horus came to believe that he was failing his father, and was deeply wounded that the Emperor had revealed to none of the Primarchs, not even his most favored son, why he had secluded himself upon Terra. These seeds of bitterness, resentment and frustration grew, and would soon bear deadly fruit...

Meanwhile, the Emperor of Mankind was on Terra organizing the infrastructure for his Imperium to function and flourish as it reached its height. The Emperor had created the Council of Terra after the Ullanor Crusade, a body of powerful civilian bureaucrats and nobles that would implement and administer the new galaxy-wide tax called the Imperial Tithe and other matters of day-to-day law in the Imperium of Man while the Emperor focused on bringing his Webway Project to fruition.

The news of the creation of the Council of Terra and these latest bureaucratic edicts angered some of the Primarchs still further. They did not understand why they, the Emperor's greatest champions, who had spilled their blood on a thousand worlds to re-unify all the races of Man, did not have seats on this new Imperial ruling body. The brotherhood of the Primarchs was being shattered bit by bit by this growing resentment and jealousy. Old arguments and differences came to the fore. Horus became ever more distant from the Emperor, seeking only glory for himself and his Legion.

It was on the moon of the world of Davin that Horus' fate was sealed. This was the second time his Legion had been posted to this world; after the previous visit sixty years earlier the Luna Wolves had adopted the native Davinite institution of warrior lodges. Though these lodges had begun as simple fraternities of warriors, their secretive nature handed Lorgar, the Primarch of the Word Bearers Legion, and his First Chaplain Erebus, the tool they needed to manipulate Horus. Lorgar and his Word Bearers came from a world of religious fanaticism and had long worshiped the Emperor as a god. The Word Bearers had sought to spread their Cult of the Emperor to every world they added to the Imperium. But the Emperor deply disliked and mistrusted organized religion, blaming it for much of the darkness that had plagued humanity's history. The Emperor openly and publicly refuted his alleged divinity and banned religious worship in his empire, and demanded that his subjects accept 'Imperial Truth'-- that science and logic alone presented the tools to create a better human future than any civilization had managed in the past.

Lorgar did not suffer the Emperor's reprimand well. Angered and wounded that the Emperor would not accept his devotion and worship, Lorgar turned instead to the Ruinous Powers of the Warp - who were all too willing to accept the devotion of one of humanity's Primarchs. Before long the Word Bearers Legion had been almost entirely corrupted by the Chaos Gods, and Lorgar and his First Chaplain were tasked by the Ruinous Powers with corrupting all of their fellow Space Marines--starting with the greatest of them all, the Warmaster Horus.

On Davin's moon, which had been corrupted by the forces of the Chaos God Nurgle, Horus was poisoned by an anathame stolen from the Interex by Erebus and gifted to the Chaos-corrupted form of the Imperial Army commander (Eugen Temba) the Warmaster had left behind to govern Davin sixty years before. The potent living metal of the blade left Horus with a bleeding wound in his shoulder that his Legion's apothecaries could not heal. Seeing his chance to further the designs of Chaos, Erebus persuaded the Sons of Horus' warrior lodge to allow a group of Davinite shamans, known as the "Serpent Lodge" located on the surface of Davin at their temple called Delphos - Chaos cultists all - to heal him.

During the rituals, Horus' spirit was transferred into the Warp. There, he bore witness to a nightmare vision of the future. He saw the Imperium of Man as a repressive, violent theocracy, where the Emperor and his Primarchs (but not Horus) were worshiped as living gods by the masses(ironically,this is exactly what happened after Horus' death, though it was an outcome largely caused by the Warmaster's own actions}. The Chaos Gods portrayed themselves as victims of the Emperor's psychic might, and claimed that they had no real interest in the happenings of the material world. Magnus the Red, Primarch of the Thousand Sons Legion, had also traveled into the Warp via sorcery to try and stop Horus from turning to Chaos. Magnus explained that the Warmaster's vision was only one of many possible futures, but one that Horus alone could prevent. Horus, already jealous and resentful of the Emperor, proved all too receptive to the Ruinous Powers' false vision. The Chaos Gods' pact with Horus was simple: "Give us the Emperor and we will give you the galaxy". Horus accepted the Ruinous Powers' offer. They healed his grievous wound and charged him with the powers of the Warp. Renouncing his oath to the Emperor, Horus led his Legion, the Sons of Horus, into worship of the myriad Chaos Gods. He then sought to turn many of his fellow Primarchs to Chaos, and succeeded with Angron of the World Eaters, Fulgrim of the Emperor's Children and Mortarion of the Death Guard, who were the first of many to follow, along with many regiments of the Imperial Army and several Titan Legions of the Adeptus Mechanicus.

Magnus the Red, Primarch of the Thousand Sons Legion, foresaw Horus's actions through his Legion's own use of forbidden psychic sorcery. Magnus then attempted to forewarn the Emperor of the impending betrayal. However, knowing that he would have to find a means of quickly warning the Emperor, and as an act of both desperation and vindication, Magnus used sorcery to send his message to the Emperor. The message penetrated the psychic defences of the Imperial Palace on Terra, shattering all the psychic wards the Emperor had placed on the Palace - including those within his secret project in the Imperial Dungeons, the creation of a warp-gate to invade the Eldar's Webway. It was this project that the Emperor had returned to Terra to complete, leaving his Primarchs to complete the Grand Crusade alone. Refusing to believe that Horus, his most beloved and trusted son would actually betray him, the Emperor instead mistakenly perceived the traitor to the Imperium to be Magnus and his Thousand Sons Legion. The Emperor ordered the Primarch Leman Russ to mobilize his Space Wolves Legion and take Magnus into custody; however Horus convinced Russ that Magnus was a traitor and needed to be destroyed.

The Istvaan Massacres
Published materials are inconsistent on their spelling of "Isstvan": the more recently published material uses "Isstvan", while other (generally older) materials use "Istvaan". No explanation for this difference has been provided. For the sake of expediency, this article will use the spelling Istvaan, with no claims made to the accuracy of the spelling.

Preparations and Allegiances
Much of Horus' success arose from the thorough groundwork he had laid before the opening shots of the Heresy were fired at Istvaan III. He had already swayed the Primarchs Angron and Mortarion, of the World Eaters and Death Guard Legions, respectively, to the side of Chaos because of their own grudges against the Emperor. Fulgrim of the Emperor's Children had been lured to the side of the Warmaster by the promise of power and personal perfection that the Chaos Gods, especially Slaanesh, offered to him and his vain Legion. Lorgar of the Word Bearers, who had been responsible for the budding rebellion and Horus' own corruption by Chaos, was also with the Warmaster. Three of the most loyal Legions who could not be swayed to the side of Chaos, the Dark Angels, Blood Angels and Ultramarines and their Primarchs, were sent on missions far from Terra and the Istvaan System. The Imperial Fists and White Scars were too close to Terra to be contacted without raising suspicion, though Horus believed - mistakenly - that the White Scars' Primarch, Jaghatai Khan, would ultimately take his side. Shortly before the Dropsite Massacre on Istvaan V, Fulgrim also attempted to sway his friend Ferrus Manus of the Iron Hands Legion to Horus' cause by using many of the same inducements that had been offered to the Adeptus Mechanicus, with whom the Iron Hands were closely allied in both temperament and philosophy. This attempt failed, and Fulgrim barely escaped with his life. Angered by the rebuff, Fulgrim promised he would deliver Manus' severed head to Horus in recompense, a promise he kept on Istvaan V. The Blood Angels were sent to the daemon-infested Signis Cluster and the Ultramarines to Calth, where a large Word Bearers force, under Captain Kor Phaeron, had massed.

Of the other eventual Traitor Primarchs, Konrad Curze, the Night Haunter, was due to face disciplinary action from the Emperor which he did not believe he deserved; the Alpha Legion Primarch Alpharius had always been closer personally to his brother Horus than his father the Emperor, although some evidence indicates that he and his twin brother Omegon's turn to Chaos was driven by their mistaken loyalty to what the Emperor would have wanted; and the Iron Warriors' Primarch Perturabo's personal bitterness towards and open rivalry with Rogal Dorn of the Imperial Fists made him an easy target for corruption. The Thousand Sons had never planned to join Horus, but the path Tzeentch had mapped for the Thousand Sons and their potent psychic Primarch Magnus the Red ultimately led them to Chaos regardless. The Emperor had ordered Leman Russ and his Space Wolves, accompanied by the witchhunters known as the Sisters of Silence, to travel to the Thousand Sons' homeworld of Prospero and bring the one-eyed Primarch back to Terra to stand trial for violating the Council of Nikaea's prohibitions against the use of sorcery within the Imperium. While en route to Prospero, Horus convinced Russ, who had always been repelled by Magnus' reliance on psychic powers, to assault Prospero instead even though Magnus had been entirely willing to face the Emperor's judgment once he realized he was in fact being manipulated by the entities that called the Immaterium home. Unfortunately, the Space Wolves' assault on Prospero resulted in the destruction of the libraries of precious knowledge that Magnus and his fellow Thousand Sons held so dear. Mortally wounded by Leman Russ, Magnus fell to tempation as he watched Prospero and its famed libraries burn and he called out to the Chaos God Tzeentch to save both himself and the remains of his Legion. The God of Sorcery was only too happy to oblige and he transported Magnus and the Thousand Sons through the Warp to the Daemon World later known as the Planet of the Sorcerers. Magnus became a Daemon Prince of Tzeentch and now desired only vengeance against the Emperor for what he saw as a betrayal, never realizing that it was Horus who had truly engineered his downfall and corruption.

The remaining Space Marine Legions - the Raven Guard, Salamanders, Iron Hands and Space Wolves - remained staunchly loyal to the Emperor, though all but the Space Wolves would pay dearly for it in the battles to come. Beyond the Legions, Horus had already swayed Adept Regulus of the Adeptus Mechanicus to his side with promises of the Standard Template Construct (STC) databases of ancient technology recovered during the war with the Auretian Technocracy, delivering crucial Adeptus Mechanicus and Titan support to the Warmaster's Traitor Legion and Traitor Imperial Army forces.

Meanwhile, Horus and his confidante and mentor in the ways of Chaos, the Word Bearers' First Chaplain Erebus, conducted a ritual designed to communicate with the Chaotic entities of the Warp. They established contact with a daemon called Sarr'kell, who acted as an emissary of the Chaos Gods to Horus and the Traitor Legions. Horus was then deceived by the daemon into believing that the Chaos Gods had no interest in dominating the material universe, and were only lending their support so that Horus could overthrow the Emperor, who they claimed was creating devices that could destroy the daemonic beings of the Immaterium. Horus agreed, and promised to swear loyalty to Chaos Undivided after his fateful operations on Istvaan III.

The Battle of Istvaan III
The first open sign that the Warmaster Horus and his Sons of Horus Legion had turned to Chaos was made evident when Horus virus-bombed the rebellious Imperial world of Istvaan III, killing both the rebel population and the Loyalist Space Marines whom he and the other Traitor Primarchs knew would not support a rebellion against the Emperor among the Sons of Horus, World Eaters, Emperor's Children and Death Guard Legions. Unknown to the Emperor, the Word Bearers Legion had been devoted to Chaos Undivided for some time before this event. The Imperial Planetary Governor of Istvaan III, Vardus Praal, had been corrupted by the Chaos God Slaanesh whose cultists had long been active on the world, declared his independence from the Imperium, and practiced forbidden sorcery, so the Council of Terra charged Horus with the retaking of that world, primarily its capital, the Choral City. This order merely furthered Horus' plans to overthrow the Emperor. Although the four Legions under his direct command--the Sons of Horus, the World Eaters, the Death Guard and the Emperor's Children--had already turned Traitor and now pledged themselves to Chaos, there were still some Loyalist elements within each of these Legions (approximately one-third of each force); many of these warriors were Terran-born Space Marines who had been directly recruited into the Astartes Legions by the Emperor himself before being reunited with their Primarchs during the Great Crusade. Horus, under the guise of putting down a rebellion against Imperial Compliance on the world of Istvaan III, amassed his troops in the Istvaan System.

Horus had a plan by which he would destroy all Loyalist elements of the Legions under his command. After a lengthy bombardment, Horus dispatched all of the known Loyalist Marines down to the planet, with the pretense of bringing it back into the Imperium. At the moment of victory and the capture of Choral City (once a very elaborate and beautiful city), the planetary capital of Istvaan III, these Marines were betrayed when the virus bombs began to fall. Captain Saul Tarvitz of the Emperor's Children, however, was aboard the Emperor's Children flagship Andronius and discovered the plot to wipe out the Loyalist Marines of the Traitor Legions. He was able, with help from Battle-Captain Nathaniel Garro of the Death Guard who was in command of the Death Guard frigate Eisenstein, to reach the surface of Istvaan III and warn the Loyalist Space Marines of all four Legions he could find of their impending doom. Those that heard took shelter before the virus bombs struck. The civilian population of Istvaan III received no such protection: Twelve billion people died almost at once as the lethal flesh-dissolving virus carried by the bombs infected every living thing on the planet. The psychic shock of so many deaths at one time shrieked through the Warp, briefly obscuring the Astronomican. The Primarch of the World Eaters, Angron, realising that the virus bombs had not been fully effective at eliminating all the Loyalists, flew into a rage and hurled himself at the planet with 50 companies of Traitor Marines. Discarding tactics and strategy, the Legion worked themselves into a frenzy of mindless butchery. Horus was furious with Angron for delaying his plans, but the Warmaster sought to turn the delay into a victory and was obliged to reinforce Angron with troops from the Sons of Horus, the Death Guard, and the Emperor's Children. Fortunately, a contingent of Loyalists led by Battle-Captain Nathaniel Garro of the Death Guard escaped Istvaan III aboard the damaged Imperial frigate Eisenstein and fled to Terra to warn the Emperor that Horus had turned Traitor.

On Istvaan III, the remaining Loyalists, under the command of Tarvitz, Loken and Torgaddon, fought bravely against their own traitorous brethren. Despite some early successes, their cause was doomed. During the battle Ezekyle Abaddon and Horus Aximand were sent to confront their former Mournival brothers, Loken and Torgaddon. Horus Aximand beheaded Tarik Torgaddon, but Abaddon failed to kill Loken when the building they were in collapsed. Loken survived and witnessed the final bombing of Istvaan III. To prove his worth and loyalty to Lord Commander Eidolon - and thusly to his Primarch, Fulgrim - Lucius of the Emperor's Children turned against the Loyalists within the Legion, slaying them personally. In the end, the Loyalists retreated to their last bastion of defense, only a few hundred of their number remaining. Finally, Horus ordered his men to withdraw, and then had the city bombarded into dust for a final time from orbit.

Flight of the Eisenstein
The seventy Loyalists led by Captain Garro commandeered the Imperial frigate Eisenstein and, evading the Traitor forces of Horus, were able to escape from the Istvaan System into the Immaterium, after being told what was happening. The Eisenstein was badly damaged during its escape from Istvaan III; all its astropaths were dead, and its lone Navigator was mortally wounded. However, Garro managed to attract the attention of passing Loyalist starships by setting the vessel's Warp engines to self-destruct and ejecting them from the ship. Rogal Dorn's Imperial Fists Legion had been becalmed in the Warp with its fleet for some time, and his Navigators sensed the detonation of the Eisenstein's Warp drives. Making an immediate course for the location of the ship's beacon Dorn met with Garro, who explained to him all that had happened with the Traitor Legions. Dorn was reluctant to believe Garro's tale, but overwhelming proof from a remembrancer who escaped from Horus' flagship, the Vengeful Spirit, and Garro's dogged insistence convinced the Primarch, and the Phalanx fortress set a course for Terra.

The fate of the Eisenstein survivors is unknown. Sequestered on Luna in a tower belonging to the Silent Sisterhood after arrival in system, Garro, the rest of his Death Guard, Iacton Qruze of the Luna Wolves, and the warriors of the Silent Sisterhood faced one of the Death Guard who had succumbed to the temptations of the Chaos God Nurgle. Afterwards, Garro and Captain Qruze were met by Malcador the Sigillite, First of the Council of Terra and the Emperor's Regent, who informed them that the Emperor had need of people who were strong of will and as "inquisitive" as they. These Space Marines are thought to be the founding members of the Imperial Inquisition and the militant arm of its daemon-hunting Ordo Malleus - the Grey Knights.

The Drop Site Massacre on Istvaan V
In response to Horus' betrayal, the Primarch of the Imperial Fists Legion, Rogal Dorn, ordered seven Loyalist Space Marine Legions to Horus' base on the world of Istvaan V to challenge the Warmaster. They would attack in two waves and fall under the supreme command of the Iron Hands' Primarch Ferrus Manus. The Legions comprising the first wave were the Iron Hands, Salamanders, and Raven Guard. The Legions comprising the second wave were the Alpha Legion, Night Lords, Iron Warriors, and a large contingent of Word Bearers that their Primarch Lorgar had stationed in the star system. Unknown to Dorn and Ferrus Manus the Night Lords, Alpha Legion, Iron Warriors and Word Bearers had all turned from their service to the Emperor and pledged their loyalty to Horus, and been instructed to keep their new allegiance to Chaos a secret.

The Iron Hands, Salamanders and Raven Guard were deployed in the first wave of the assault. After they secured the drop site, they were to have been followed by the other four Legions. The first wave secured the drop site at heavy cost. Horus ordered his front line troops to fall back, tempting Ferrus Manus to overstretch his already thin lines. Against the advice of Corax and Vulkan, Manus led his veterans against the fleeing Chaos Marines unsupported. Manus brought Fulgrim to combat. As the two Primarchs drew their weapons, the Raven Guard and Salamanders fell back to regroup and allow the second wave's Legions to advance and earn glory. However, as they returned they were mowed down by the four Traitor Legions that landed to support them, thus revealing their new allegiance to Chaos. Horus then pressed his attack and sandwiched the Loyalists between the two Traitor forces, killing most of them. Several determined groups of Loyalist Marines managed to break out of the trap and escape to the few remaining Loyalist drop ships.

Ferrus Manus was beheaded by Fulgrim. Fulgrim was beset by grief; in his moment of weakness as he repudiated his allegiance to Chaos the daemon of Slaanesh within his weapon tricked him into lowering his mental shields, and possessed him, crushing Fulgrim's soul into the recesses of his mind, a mute witness to the daemon's actions. The daemon would present Ferrus' head to Horus.

Barely a handful of Loyalist Space Marines escaped with their lives to bring word to the Emperor. A critically wounded Corax was brought back to Terra in a stasis tube. Vulkan was missing, presumed dead, though he would late reemerge as he was one of the Primarchs who protested Roboute Guilliman's publication of the Codex Astartes and the splitting of the remaining Space Marine Legions into 1,000-man Chapters following the death of Horus and the end of the Horus Heresy.

The Route to Terra
After the Drop Site Massacre conducted against the three Loyalist Space Marine Legions of the Salamanders, the Iron Hands and the Raven Guard by the Traitor Legions loyal to the Warmaster Horus on the world of Istvaan V, it became clear that eight of the eighteen Space Marine Legions had turned to Chaos and against the Emperor of Mankind. Horus openly and publicly declared that he would no longer follow the Emperor, believing him to be undeserving of the battles fought in his name, and the Warmaster took over the formal leadership of the Traitor Legions as their new overlord, supported by elements of the Imperial Army, a portion of the Adeptus Mechanicus and the Titan Legions that had chosen to serve Chaos known as the Dark Mechanicus, strong Imperial naval forces then still part of the Legiones Astartes' Great Crusade Expeditionary Fleets, and the daemon-spawn of Chaos. Their aim soon became clear: Terra, the heart of the Imperium of Man. The Sons of Horus, the Death Guard, the Emperor's Children, the World Eaters, and elements of the Word Bearers prepared to rendezvous at Mars. The rest of the Word Bearers Legion was tasked with destroying Roboute Guilliman and his Ultramarines on the world of Calth in the Eastern Fringes of the galaxy.

The Imperial Fists Legion's Primarch Rogal Dorn and the Regent of the Imperium, Malcador the Sigillite, receiving the few survivors from the Dropsite Massacre of Istvaan V as they retreated back to Terra, became aware of the full implications of their position and the strength of Horus and the Traitor forces. Rogal Dorn immediately recalled all Loyalist Imperial forces back to Terra in preparation for Horus' invasion. Of the Space Marine Legions still loyal to the Emperor, the Space Wolves had just completed the Burning of Prospero, the Thousand Sons Traitor Legion's homeworld near the Chondax System, where the White Scars were stationed. Without warning, the Alpha Legion's fleet broke from the Warp and engaged the Space Wolves forces of the Primarch Leman Russ, hammering his smaller fleet and forcing Russ to resort to hit-and-run attacks. The Alpha Legion's Primarch Alpharius also attacked the nearby forces of the White Scars piecemeal in an attempt to draw that larger Astartes Legion into conflict.

The White Scars' Primarch Jagahatai Khan wished desperately to aid Russ, yet as the Traitor Legions' starships attacked, he received the astropathic order from Rogal Dorn. Khan was to bring his Legion back to Terra, immediately. Dorn also commanded him to relay the order to Russ and add that should he succeed in evading his attackers, only then should he attempt to head for Terra. Relaying the message and adding his apology for his inability to aid the Space Wolves, the White Scars made for Terra. Russ resolved to meet the Alpha Legion with renewed determination. With help from an unlikely quarter, the Space Wolves would eventually turn the tables on their attackers and make the Warp jump to Terra, well after the siege on the Imperial Palace had begun.

Similarly at the world of Calth, the Ultramarines expeditionary force, battered by the relentless attacks of the Word Bearers, had dug in on the planet's surface, while Primarch Roboute Guilliman and the remnants of his Ultramarines' fleet began to organise hit-and-run attacks. Surveying the scene on the planet, Guilliman rapidly assessed his ground troops' positions, and began broadcasting orders to his men, co-ordinating each pocket of defence. One such pocket, under Brother-Captain Ventanus, organised a breakout, and retook Calth's defence cannons and laser silos, reaping a great tally of Traitor starships. Ventanus' victory evened the odds in space, buying time for the vast remainder of the Ultramarines Legion to arrive at Calth and drive the Traitors away. Reunited as a single force, the Ultramarines received Malcador's orders and set out for Terra, moving through the Warp as rapidly as they could even as they realised that they would probably arrive too late to make a difference.

As this happened, the Night Lords arrived in the Eastern Fringe of the galaxy to engage the Dark Angels, and the Iron Warriors' armada broke from the Warp to engage the Imperial Fists' fleet marooned near the Chaos Space Marines' headquarters world of Istvaan V. Surviving the initial thrust of the Iron Warriors' attacks, the Imperial Fists' armada held fast and scattered the Primarch Perturabo's fleet, then made their own Warp jump to Terra in a desperate race against time.

Meanwhile, in the Signis Cluster, the Blood Angels, granted new and terrible power by a mysterious mass rage (that would resurface again during the Siege of Terra) had triumphed, smashed the hordes of the Chaos daemons asunder and were able to make the Warp jump to Terra.

As the Warmaster was heading towards Terra he received an unexpected communication from the recently betrayed Thousand Sons Primarch Magnus the Red. The Space Wolves had driven the Thousand Sons from their homeworld of Prospero after being manipulated by Horus into attacking the Thousand Sons homeworld instead of simply taking Magnus into custody to return him peacefully to terra to face charges of the illegal use of sorcery by the Emperor. Devastated by the Space Wolves' destruction of his Legion's precious storehouses of knowledge about the Immaterium and sorcery, and having turned to the Chaos God Tzeentch to save himself and his Astartes Legion, Magnus pledged his allegiance and the allegiance of the Thousand Sons Legion to Horus and Chaos in retaliation against the Emperor for this betrayal. The Thousand Sons were en route to Terra where they would link up with Horus' forces.

Of the nine remaining Loyalist Space Marines Legions, only the White Scars and the Blood Angels were able to join Rogal Dorn and his Imperial Fists in the defence of Terra before the arrival of the Traitor Legions in the Solar System. Three entire Titan Legions of the Adeptus Mechanicus and close to two million soldiers of the Imperial Army stood alongside them to face the Traitors in a battle that would determine the fate of Mankind for 10,000 years.

The Landing on Terra
The siege of Terra by the Traitor forces of Horus began with an orbital bombardment by the Warmaster's fleet as the prelude to invasion. Although the Loyalist fleets and defenders fought back and the massive orbital defences on Luna reaped more than a quarter of the starships in the Traitor fleet they, like the Loyalist soldiers on the surface, were too few to face the combined forces of so many Traitor Legions, and were mowed down without mercy. After days of bombardment, the Chaos Space Marines landed on the surface of Terra in Drop Pods and advanced on the two spaceports nearest the location of the Imperial Palace to secure them in preparation for the main landings of the Traitor forces. Elements from five of the Traitor Legions participated in the battle, aided by the Traitor forces already on the surface. Despite the brave efforts of the Loyalists, the Eternity Wall and the Lion's Gate Spaceports fell within hours to the Forces of Chaos. Dark Chaos Cultists made their invocations, calling down the Greater Daemons of Chaos from the Warp directly onto Terran soil. With the spaceports secured, Horus' remaining troops of the Traitor Legions and their Traitor Imperial Army and Dark Mechanicus support forces landed en masse, and the hulking transports carried thousands of troops each as well as bringing to the battlefield the terrible Traitor Titans that served the Warmaster's cause and had been infected with the daemonic forces of Chaos. The transports' immense size made them prime targets for Terra's defence lasers. Although many of the Traitor landing craft were destroyed in-atmosphere, many more made it to the surface, disgorging yet more soldiers, main battle tanks and Traitor Titans to add to the besiegers' strength. They met stiff resistance from the Loyalists as the Imperial defenders knew that the survival of their homeworld, their Emperor, and the entirety of the human race rested on their shoulders.

The Siege
The Chaos besiegers forced the Imperial defenders back to the walls of the Imperial Palace, where thousands died slowing the assault. The Primarch Angron of the World Eaters Legion, now a Daemon Prince of the Blood God Khorne, came forth before the walls of the Palace and demanded the Loyalists' surrender, saying that they were cut off, outnumbered, and defended a ruler unworthy of their loyalty. Many would have surrendered to Angron after seeing the sheer power of the Forces of Chaos that stood arrayed before them had it not been for the Primarch Sanguinius, the winged and seemingly angelic leader of the Blood Angels Legion. The two Primarchs, once brothers, gazed at each other, perhaps communicating telepathically. Eventually Angron withdrew from before the gates of the Imperial Palace, telling his forces, not without some relish at the prospect of slaughter, that there would be no surrender.

The siege of the Imperial Palace then began in earnest. Three times the Forces of Chaos scaled the walls, and three times were hurled back by Sanguinius and his Blood Angels. Outside the Palace walls, Space Marine and Imperial Army forces led by Jaghatai Khan, the Primarch of the White Scars Legion, unsuccessfully tried to draw the bulk of the besiegers' army away from the Palace. Soon the outnumbered defenders were pushed back into the maze of corridors and bulwarks within the Palace walls. Frustrated with his army's slow progress, Horus ordered the Legio Mortis (Death's Head Legion), a Traitor Titan Legion, to demolish entire sections of the wall. Despite grievous losses, the Titans, led by the infamous Imperator-class Battle Titan Dies Irae, gouged open breaches in the Imperial Palace's defenses, which the Traitors then flooded through.

Facing a breach and potential collapse of the Imperial defences, Jaghatai Khan decided on a change of plan. Rather than assaulting the almost-invincible flanks of the Chaos army, Khan redirected his highly mobile White Scars Space Marines and the surviving Loyalist Tank Divisions of the Imperial Army to Lion's Gate Spaceport. At dawn Jaghatai's lightning raid caught the Traitor garrison at the spaceport completely by surprise, and reclaimed the spaceport for the Imperium. The Khan ordered his troops to reactivate the spaceport's defence lasers to prevent the Traitor fleet from bringing down any more troops and equipment and form a defensive perimeter to hold their newly reconquered territory. Khan's troops repelled several frenzied counter-attacks from the Traitors, and began firing on Horus' unprotected dropships. The Khan's plan worked perfectly: the flow of the Traitors' men and machines to the Imperial Palace had been cut in half at a single stroke. Inspired by this success, the Loyalists also tried to seize back the Eternity Wall Spaceport, but were driven back by the Chaos forces without difficulty, as they had reinforced their garrison following the loss of the Lion's Gate.

Inside the Palace, the defenders had been forced back to the Eternity Gate, the sole point of entry into the inner sanctum of the Imperial Palace. The Blood Angels and Imperial Fists Space Marines tried to hold back the attacking Chaos troops, while the remaining Loyalists made it through the Gate. Soon the mighty Bloodthirster Greater Daemon Ka'bandah came forth and bellowed out a challenge to Sanguinius in the name of his master Khorne. The daemon hurled itself at the Angel of Baal, barely allowing him time to parry the daemon's strikes. The two took to the air, trading blows and battle cries high above the heads of the two forces. Already fatigued from the siege, Sanguinius was cast down by the daemon, pulverising the concrete below upon impact. The Loyalist forces seemed to collectively groan.

Yet the Blood Angels' Primarch was not beaten, only stunned by the force of the impact. Sanguinius cleared his head, forced himself back to his feet, and once again took to the sky. The Angel seized the gloating daemon, holding it by the right ankle and arm. The Primarch hefted the creature high and broke its back over his knee, before hurling the daemon's carcass back at the besiegers, who howled in despair as the last Loyalists fell back and made it into the Imperial Palace's inner sanvtum before the great portal of the Eternity Gate was shut tight behind them. Of course, as a daemon, Ka'bandah could not truly be slain, only banished to the Warp for a 1000 standard years, but the Bloodthirster's spirit was sent howling back into the Immaterium to meet the displeasure of his master the Blood God.

The Eternity Gate was closed.

The Endgame
The siege of Terra following the initial assault on the Imperial Palace lasted for 55 days. Both sides knew that the defeat of the Imperium of Man was near after the defence of the Eternity Gate. Sensing this, and knowing that he must complete the siege before the arrival of Loyalist reinforcements from the other Space Marine Legions that were already on their way, Horus prepared to teleport to the surface from his flagship, the Vengeful Spirit, to lead his forces in person. Before this could happen, the Word Bearers' First Chaplain Erebus broke the news to Horus: their daemonic allies in the Warp had informed them that the Dark Angels and Space Wolves Legions were nearing Terra; and the Ultramarines were only a short distance behind.

At that moment, Horus despaired; his gamble had failed, weeks of further conflict would be needed to break the defenders and the Emperor's reinforcements would arrive in mere hours. What happened next is disputed in the Imperial historiography of the Heresy; some believe Horus disabled his void shields as he experienced one last moment of regret for his betrayal of his father and his turn to Chaos, while others believe it was a personal challenge to the Emperor. Nevertheless, Horus lowered the void shields of his flagship, the battle barge Vengeful Spirit. The lowering of these shields was detected by the Loyalist vessels in orbit and the information was relayed to the Imperial Palace.

The Emperor of Mankind rose to the challenge, leading his elite personal guard, the Adeptus Custodes, the Primarchs Sanguinius and Rogal Dorn, and several companies of Imperial Fists and Blood Angels Veteran Space Marines in the assault and teleported aboard the Vengeful Spirit. Horus used his Chaotic powers to scatter the Emperor's force throughout the massive warship when they teleported up through the Warp. Each fought a series of battles against the elite Forces of Chaos aboard the corrupted starship, attempting to link up with their comrades and confront Horus.

It was Sanguinius who reached hs brother Horus first. The Warmaster attempted to turn the Blood Angels' Primarch, his oldest and closest friend among the other Primarchs, to Chaos one last time. When Sanguinius refused to be corrupted, Horus attacked. Wounded from his many battles on Terra and the terrible battle with the daemon Ka'bandah, Sanguinius proved to be no match for Horus, now at the peak of his daemonic power after his long alliance with the Ruinous Powers. Horus strangled the Angel of Baal with ease. An alternate version of this event sometimes recorded in the Imperial records has Sanguinius cutting a small hole in the Warmaster's Power Armour before he died, as this hole aided in the Emperor's final defeat of Horus.

When the Emperor of Mankind finally entered the throne room of the Vengeful Spirit, he saw the winged corpse of the angelic Sanguinius lying at Horus' feet. Horus called the Emperor foolish for refusing the power that the Chaos Gods offered to men, and timid for not taming them to his will if he was truly the Master of Mankind as he claimed. Horus proclaimed that if the Emperor would kneel before him, then he would spare his life. But the Emperor, tens of millennia older than his misguided and once beloved son, knew well the ancient trap that had snared Horus. The Emperor told the corrupted Primarch that he was the deluded slave of Chaos, not its master, for no mortal could ever truly claim to be more than simply a pawn of the Ruinous Powers. Snarling, Horus hurled bolts of daemonic lightning at the Emperor, but the Emperor nullified them with his own immense psychic abilities. The die was cast. Each god-like being knew that the fate of humanity now hung in the balance.

The Emperor and Horus engaged one another in the throne room of the massive battle barge, a battle that was both physical and psychic in nature. Though the Emperor's psychic gifts and martial skills were unequaled, he found himself unwilling to summon his full strength against his beloved son. The Emperor suffered grievous wounds at Horus' hands, and after a score of thrusts, parries and counter-thrusts between the Emperor's Runesword and his own Lightning Claw, Horus sliced open the Emperor's chest armour, then opened his jugular and severed the tendons in his right wrist, disarming the Emperor. A psychic blast seared the flesh from the Emperor's face, destroying one of the Master of Mankind's eyes. After tearing the Emperor's right arm from its socket, Horus raised his father's broken body high over his head, and broke his back over his knee.

At that moment, a lone Adeptus Custodes warrior entered the bridge. Horus showed the Imperial bodyguard the Emperor's broken form and laughed at the Custode. The valiant Imperial warrior roared and charged the Warmaster. He was flayed alive by a glancing psychic blast from Horus. In other accounts of this final battle by some Imperial sources, an Imperial Fists Terminator attacked Horus; in still other versions, the doomed man is an Imperial Army trooper named Ollanious Pious.

The casual brutality of the Warmaster's act galvanised the Emperor as he realised what awaited Mankind under the rule of Horus and the Chaos Gods. Realising at last that his favoured son was truly lost to the corruption of Chaos, the Emperor finally gathered his full and awesome psychic power in the Immaterium and unleashed a lance of pure Warp energy that pierced the gloating Horus' psychic defenses and ripped his body apart. In some versions of the tale, this blast was only able to pierce the Warmaster's body through the hole that had been made by Sanguinius before his death. Just before Horus died, he looked his father in the eye, shedding a single tear, begging his father to forgive him for his betrayal. The Emperor saw regret in his fallen son's eyes. The Emperor also knew that the Ruinous Powers could attempt to possess Horus again, and that he would not be there to stop him if they did. Driving all of the near infinite reserves of compassion from his mind for the sake of the humanity he had served and loved all the years of his long life, the Emperor destroyed Horus utterly, his essence burned from existence in both the physical world and the Immaterium so that the Ruinous Powers could not resurrect Horus as a Daemon Prince through their claim on his soul.

The destruction of Horus' soul sent a psychic shockwave surging across the Solar System, casting the daemons of Chaos back into the Warp, and spreading mass panic among the Traitor Legions and other Traitor forces on the surface of Terra in seconds as the Chaos Gods found their powers disrupted temporarily by the death of their favoured mortal vessel. It became clear to the Forces of Chaos that their leader had been defeated. A terrible, berserk fury later known as the Black Rage had encompassed the Blood Angels at the moment of their Primarch's death, and they were surging forth to scatter the attackers. Retreat turned to rout, and rout soon turned to bloodbath; thousands upon thousands of Traitor Space Marines and Titans fell attempting to flee. The ground before the Sanctum Imperialis ran red with the blood of Traitors and heretics.

Meanwhile, the Primarch Rogal Dorn finally found his way to the corrupted starship's bridge, only to discover his fallen brother, Sanguinius, and the shattered body of the Emperor, who was now on the verge of death, his remaining psychic energy spent in the battle with Horus. It was then that the Emperor whispered instructions to Dorn, urging the Imperial Fists' Primarch to take him to the device known as the Golden Throne in the inner sanctum of the Imperial Palace. The surviving Loyalists teleported back to the Imperial dungeons beneath the Imperial Palace. Here Malcador the Sigillite, the Regent of Terra who was himself an exteremly powerful psyker, had briefly taken the Emperor's place on the Golden Throne, thus keeping the Warpgate to the Webway that the Emperor had been building for the benefit of humanity safely closed. Malcador's body collapsed to dust from the sheer strain of holding back the dangers of the Immaterium from coming through the Webway gate and assaulting Terra as he was removed from the Throne and the Emperor put in his place. Yet, before his death, the Sigillite imparted his remaining psychic energy to the Emperor to restore the Master of Mankind's consciousness for one final time so that he could deliver his final instructions to his servants before being interred in the device as the Adepts of the Adeptus Mechanicus furiously worked to modify the device to the Emperor's specifications.

The Emperor then spoke his final words to his followers. He urged them to continue the fight to free humanity from the Forces of Chaos and the machinations of the Ruinous Powers as well as the ignorance that continued to assail it. And then the Master of Mankind spoke no more, his body entombed within the life-support mechanisms of the Golden Throne, his spirit caught between the Warp and in a crippled, decaying body for millennia. Unable to complete the Webway project that the Golden Throne had originally been intended to create and maintain, the Emperor now chose to use its psychic augmentation mechanisms both to maintain his shattered body's life support functions and to project his mind into the Immaterium where he would create and maintain the Astronomicon navigation beacon to hold the Imperium together and battle the Chaos Gods on their own plane, always seeking to protect Mankind from their corruption and depredations. The Imperium of Man had survived the Horus Heresy intact, but would evolve into the bastion of repression and brutality the Emperor had long fought against without his direct, guiding hand upon it. In this, at least, the Chaos Gods had won a partial victory, for this state of affairs would ensure that their temptations would continue to corrupt the weaker members of the human race and prevent the final establishment of Order across the galaxy. Yet, for all its terrible and growing flaws over the next ten millennia, the Imperium would also offer humanity its best and perhaps only hope for survival in an uncaring and increasingly hostile universe.

The Great Scouring and the Reformation
As the flames of the civil war subsided, Ultramarines Primarch Roboute Guilliman rallied the surviving Loyalists, stretching his Legions thin across the galaxy to buy time for the other Space Marine Legions to rebuild and rearm to take the fight to the remaining Chaos Space Marine Traitor Legions in what became known as the Great Scouring. Although some Traitor Legions had fled to the relative safety of the Eye of Terror, the Iron Warriors continued to hold fast to the worlds they had conquered, and were dislodged only after decades of gruelling warfare. Similarly, the Chaotic Night Lords Legion continued their spree of genocide and terror along the Eastern Fringe of the galaxy. This campaign endured until the Night Lords' Primarch Night Haunter was assassinated on the world of Tsagualsa. Shortly after, Roboute Guilliman slew the Alpha Legion's Primarch Alpharius (but not his secret twin brother Omegon) on the planet of Eskrador.

As the last of the Traitor Legions fled to the safety of the Eye of Terror at the end of the Great Scouring, Roboute Guilliman turned his attention to rebuilding the Imperium of Man itself in what became known to later Imperial historians as the Reformation. Never again would it succumb to a Heresy so vast or destructive. Guilliman divided the Imperial Army into the separate branches of the Imperial Navy and the Imperial Guard, diluting their ability to mutiny en masse by creating a bureaucratic rivalry between the services. The Imperial Inquisition was founded around this time to prevent the secret spread of the corruption of Chaos through the ranks of humanity from happening again (some sources suggest it was formed before the Horus Heresy at the instigation of the Emperor and his Regent, Malcador the Sigillite from those few Space Marines of the Traitor Legions that had remained loyal to the Emperor), and the Grey Knights Space Marines Chapter was founded to combat daemonic incursions as part of the Inquisition's Ordo Malleus. The Council of Terra that had been created by the Emperor after the Ullanor Crusade to begin to provide the Imperium with some form of civilian administration was succeeded by the High Lords of Terra: a Senatorum Imperialis composed of the 12 most powerful individuals in the Imperium who were the leaders of its various governmental institutions known collectively as the Adeptus Terra, who were to act as the regents of the Imperium and rule in the Emperor's name as they sought to carry out his will.

Of all the changes brought upon the Imperium of Man by Roboute Guilliman after the Horus Heresy, the most pivotal was the Second Founding of the Space Marines. This saw the remaining Loyalist Space Marine Legions broken up into smaller, more flexible 1000-man units known as Chapters, thus transforming the Legiones Astartes into the Adeptus Astartes. Although Rogal Dorn, Vulkan, and Leman Russ opposed breaking up their beloved Legions, Guilliman's initiative had the backing of Corax, Jaghatai Khan and the High Lords of Terra, and the measure passed irregardless of the other Primarchs' opposition, marking the end of the Primarchs' dominance over Imperial life and the imposition of mortal rule that the Emperor had desired. The Adeptus Astartes were granted almost total autonomy from every other Imperial organisation, including the Inquisition, but not from the High Lords of Terra who spoke for the Emperor. Never again would one man wield the power of an entire Space Marine Legion or have such total control over the Imperium. At the same time, Roboute Guilliman wrote the Codex Astartes, the famed tome that laid out the proper organisation, tactics and order of battle for a Space Marine Chapter. The Codex soon became a sacred tome for the Ultramarines and their myriad Successor Chapters, the backbone of the Adeptus Astartes in the centuries after the Horus Heresy. Other Chapters, like the Blood Angels, the Dark Angels and the Space Wolves, adopted the Codex's guidelines only in part or not at all, a sign of their continuing disagreement, however ineffective, with the reforms of Roboute Guilliman.